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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-size: 300%;"><span style="color: #ee1515;">ketsueki-gata</span></em></h2>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="t_nihongo_kanji" style="font-size: 200%;" lang="ja">血液型</span></span></p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">There exists a common, popular belief in Japan and other East Asian countries that a person's ABO blood type or ketsueki-gata (血液型?) is predictive of his or her personality, temperament, and compatibility with others,similar to how astrological signs are used in other countries throughout the world, although blood type plays a much more prominent role in Japanese and the societies of other East Asian countries than astrology does in other countries' societies.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been founded by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, who discovered three different blood types in 1900.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 110%;">In 1927, Takeji Furukawa, a professor at Tokyo Women's Teacher's  School, published his paper "The Study of Temperament Through Blood  Type" in the scholarly journal <em>Psychological Research</em>. The idea  quickly took off with the Japanese public despite Furukawa's lack of  credentials, and the militarist government of the time commissioned a  study aimed at breeding ideal soldiers. The study used ten to twenty people for the investigation.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 110%;">In another study, Furukawa compared the distribution of blood types among two different ethnic groups, the Formosans in Taiwan and the Ainu of Hokkaidō. His motivation for the study appears to have come from a political incident: After the Japanese occupation of Taiwan following Japan's invasion to China in 1895,  the inhabitants tenaciously resisted their occupiers. Insurgencies in  1930 and in 1931 resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Japanese  settlers.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 110%;">The purpose of Furukawa's studies was to "penetrate the essence of  the racial traits of the Taiwanese, who recently revolted and behaved so  cruelly". Based on a finding that 41.2% of a Taiwanese sample had type O  blood, Furukawa assumed that the Taiwanese rebelliousness was  genetically determined. The reasoning was supported by the fact that  among the Ainu, whose temperament was characterized as submissive, only  23.8% had type O. In conclusion, Furukawa suggested that the Japanese  should increase intermarriage with the Taiwanese to reduce the number of  Taiwanese with type O blood.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 110%;">Interest in the theory faded in the 1930s as its unscientific basis  became evident. It was revived in the 1970s with a book by Masahiko  Nomi, a lawyer and broadcaster with no medical background. Nomi's work  was largely uncontrolled and anecdotal, and the methodology of his  conclusions was unclear. Because of this, he was heavily criticised by the Japanese psychological community, although his books remain popular.</span></p>
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<table class="infobox" style="border-spacing: 3px; width: 22em;" cellspacing="3">
<caption>Ketsueki-gata blood type personality chart</caption> 
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<th style="text-align: center; color: white; background-color: red;" colspan="2">Type <em>A</em></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left;" scope="row">Best traits</th>
<td>Earnest, creative, sensible, reserved, patient, responsible</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left;" scope="row">Worst traits</th>
<td>Fastidious, overearnest, stubborn, tense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center; color: white; background-color: red;" colspan="2">Type <em>B</em></th>
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<th style="text-align: left;" scope="row">Best traits</th>
<td>Wild, active, doer, creative, passionate, strong</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left;" scope="row">Worst traits</th>
<td>Selfish, irresponsible, unforgiving, unpredictable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center; color: white; background-color: red;" colspan="2">Type <em>AB</em></th>
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<th style="text-align: left;" scope="row">Best traits</th>
<td>Cool, controlled, rational, sociable, adaptable</td>
</tr>
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<th style="text-align: left;" scope="row">Worst traits</th>
<td>Critical, indecisive, forgetful, irresponsible, "split personality"</td>
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<th style="text-align: center; color: white; background-color: red;" colspan="2">Type <em>O</em></th>
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<th style="text-align: left;" scope="row">Best traits</th>
<td>Agreeable, sociable, optimistic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left;" scope="row">Worst traits</th>
<td>Vain, rude, jealous, arrogant</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><strong>Romatic Compatability by Blood Groups:</strong></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 110%;">A is most compatible with A and AB</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">B is most compatible with B and AB</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">AB is most compatible with AB, B, A and O</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">O is most compatible with O, and AB</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 150%;">Current Thinking</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">Discussion of blood types is widely popular in women's magazines as a way of gauging relationship compatibility with a potential or current partner. Morning television shows feature blood type horoscopes, and similar horoscopes are published daily in newspapers. The blood types of celebrities are listed in their infoboxes on Japanese Wikipedia.[A series of four books that describe people's character by blood type ranked third, fourth, fifth and ninth on a list of best selling books in Japan in 2008 compiled by Tohan Corporation.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Although there is no proven correlation between blood type and personality, it remains popular with the many matchmaking services that cater to blood type. In this way, it is similar to the use of astrological signs, which is also popular in Japan. Asking one's blood type is common in Japan, and people are often surprised when a non-Japanese does not know his or her own blood type.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">It is common among anime and manga authors to mention their character's blood types, and to give their characters corresponding blood types to match their personalities. Some video game characters also have known blood types. In addition, it is common for video game series to allow for blood type as an option in their creation modes.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Blood type harassment, called "bura-hara" (wasei-eigo-a portmanteau of "blood" and "harassment"), has been blamed for bullying of children in playgrounds, loss of job opportunities, and ending of happy relationships.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">There has been many incidents where people have been discriminated against their blood type. Employers have been asking blood types during interviews despite the warnings they have been given. Children at schools have been split up according to their blood type. National softball team has customize training to fit each player's blood type. Companies have assigning assignment according to their employee's blood type.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Facebook in many Asian countries allows users to include their blood type in their profile.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">After then-Reconstruction Minister Ryu Matsumoto's abrasive comments towards the governors of Iwate and Miyagi [13] forced him to step down from his post, he partially blamed his behavior on his blood type, saying "My blood's type B, which means I can be irritable and impetuous, and my intentions don't always come across."</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Blood types are very important in South Korea as well. An example can be seen in the film My Boyfriend Is Type B where a girl is advised not to date a man because his blood type is B. It is not uncommon to see Korean shows talk about blood types and personality seriously on national TV misleading the public as if it has some truth.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">In Japan, a person&rsquo;s blood type or ketsu eki gata is a popularly used to determine a person&rsquo;s temperament, much the way Americans use astrological signs.  The difference is that the Japanese take blood types very seriously.  Japanese dating services use blood types to make matches. Employers use them to evaluate job applicants.  High school students exchange blood types by way of introduction.  Sports card include athletes&rsquo; blood types  prominently alongside more traditional sports statistics.   Manufacturers even market a wide variety of blood-type specific  products, including calendars, chewing gum, colas, and condoms.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">The obsession with blood types began in 1927, when a psychology professor by the name of Furukawa Takeji who work as a high school administrator began observing the the differences in temperament  of the students who applied to his school.  From his observations, he  conjectured that all humans could be divided into two personality types.   According to Furukawa, people with blood type A were mildly tempered and intellectual.  People with blood type  B were just the opposite &ndash; easily roused to anger and unintellectual.   Furukawa published a series of articles and books, called &ldquo;The Study of Temperament Through Blood Type,&rdquo;  which the public gobbled up, despite a complete lack of hard evidence.   Interest in ketsu eki gata waned after Furukawa&rsquo;s death in 1940, but  was revived in 1971 when journalist Masahiko Nomi expanded on Furukawa&rsquo;s  theories in a best selling series of book, &ldquo;Understanding Compatibility  from Blood Types.&rdquo;  The new theories associated some blood types to academic success and different types of crime.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">After Masahiko Nomi&rsquo;s death, his son Toshitaka Nomi founded &ldquo;Ketsueki-gata Ningen-gaku Kenkyusho,&rdquo; the Institute of Blood Type  Humanics.  Since the Institute&rsquo;s founding, interest in ketsu eki gata  has continued to grow.  It has been used to hire employees, divide labor  forces into blood-type appropriate roles, broker marriages, and even  dictate child-rearing techniques.  It&rsquo;s use has become so widespread, in  fact, that some people have reported being discriminated against  because of their blood type.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">South Koreans in particular have embraced ketsu eki gata on the dating scene. No, you don&rsquo;t need to get your eyes checked or opt for LASIK surgery.   You did, indeed, read that correctly.  Men with type B blood are  reportedly having an increasingly difficult time finding dates. The men  in South Korea must immediately be thinking &ldquo;Houston, we have a problem&rdquo;  as soon as they find out that they are type B.  In a recent nationwide  survey conducted by a South Korean site, Type-B men were overwhelmingly  voted the most difficult blood-type to date.  In addition, forty percent  of female respondents indicated that they would never marry a type B  man.  Magazines, television shows, and internet communities have all jumped on the band wagon,  espousing the perils of getting involved with a type B man.  There was  chart-topping song entitled &ldquo;Type-B Men&rdquo; which featured lyrics  describing these men&rsquo;s short-comings, and even a hit movie, &ldquo;My  Boyfriend is Type B.&rdquo;  In the movie,  the heroine, a type A personality, falls in loves a passionate but  completely irresponsible type B personality, and, inevitably, hilarity  ensue.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 120%;"><strong>Type A: The Farmer</strong></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 110%;">Speaking broadly, it is said that people with Type A Blood are calm,  composed, levelheaded, and very serious.  They have a firm character,  and are reliable, trustworthy, and hardheaded.  They are shy,  introverted perfectionists.  They are considerate to others and don&rsquo;t  easily lie.  They are loyal to friends and coworkers.  They can be  secretive, though, and don&rsquo;t often share their feelings.  They try to  suppress their own emotions, and because they have continual practice in  doing this, they appear strong, when, in actuality, they have a  fragile, nervous side, as well.  They tend to be hard on people who are  not of the same type, and consequently, tend to be surrounded with  people of the same temperament.  They also don&rsquo;t hold their liquor well.   Type A&rsquo;s are the most artistic of the groups.  They can be shy,  cautious, conscientious, reliable, trustworthy, and sensitive.  They can  also be overcautious, picky, arrogant, and reckless when drunk.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 120%;"><strong>Type B:The Hunter</strong></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 110%;">People with Type B Blood are curious everything.  That may be good, but  they also tend to have too many interests and hobbies.  They tend to get  excited about something suddenly only to drop it again just as quickly.   They seem to manage to know which of their many interests or loved  ones are truly the most important.  B Types tend to excel in things  rather than just be average, but they tend to be so involved in their  own world that they neglect other things.  They have independent spirits  with strong personalities.  They have the image of being bright and  cheerful, full of energy and enthusiasm, but some people think that they  are really quite different on the inside.  They also don&rsquo;t really want  to have much personal contact with others.  While they don&rsquo;t care what  others think of them.  They are extremely passionate about the things  they hold dear.  Type B&rsquo;s are the individualists of the blood group  categories and find their own way in life. Type B personalities can be  curious, bright, cheerful, enthusiastic, independent, sensitive, and  unpredictable.  They can also be superficial, unreliable, selfish,  unpredictable, indiscreet, lazy, and impatient.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 120%;"><strong>Type AB: The Humanist</strong></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 110%;">Type-AB people are an unpredictable, distant lot, but tend to use their  heads over their hearts. They are good with money. Type AB&rsquo;s are the  split personalities of the blood groups.  They are considerate of other  people&rsquo;s feelings and deal with them with care and caution.  On the  other hand, though, they are strict with themselves and those close to  them.  They, therefore, seem to have two personalities: one for those  &ldquo;outside,&rdquo; and another for people on the &ldquo;inside.&rdquo;  They often become  sentimental, and they tend to think too deeply about things. AB Types  have a lot of friends, but they need time to be alone and think things  through, as well.  They can be both outgoing and shy, confident and  timid. While responsible, too much responsibility will cause a problem.   They are trustworthy and like to help others.  Type AB personalities  can be sensitive, considerate, careful, and efficient.  They can also be  strict, moody, easily offended, critical, and standoffish.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 120%;"><strong>Type O: The Warrior</strong></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 110%;">Type-O people are outgoing, expressive, and passionate.  They are highly  motivated, natural leaders.  Blessed with a strong physical presence,  they aren&rsquo;t afraid to gamble because they are so convinced they&rsquo;ll win.  Type O Blood people are said  to set the mood for a group and to take on the role of creating harmony  among its members.  Their image is one of being peaceful and carefree.   They are also thought to be big-hearted and benevolent, and they tend  to spend money on others generously.They are natural athletes.  They  tend to be obsessive in their quest for success, and this can make them boring to others.  Type O&rsquo;s are  outgoing, and very social. They are initiators, although they don&rsquo;t  always finish what they start.  They appear to be levelheaded and  trustworthy, but they often slip and make big blunders inadvertently.   That is also the what makes O Types lovable.  Creative and popular, they  love to be the center of attention and appear very self confident.   Type 0 personalities can be carefree, generous, independent, flexible,  idealistic, goal-oriented, athletic, competitive, and adaptable. They  can also be clumsy, flighty, jealous, greedy, unreliable, obsessive  lover, vain loudmouths.</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 110%;">The popular indigenous typological system called  ketsueki-gata holds that one can categorize people according to blood  types A, B, AB and 0. This type of classification only dates back to  1927 when it was first proposed by Furukawa Takeji, a professor at Tokyo  Women&rsquo;s Teacher&rsquo;s School.10 In this scheme there are four basic types  (Table 3). Blood Typology has broad applications: a nursery school in  Saitama used it to divide students into different groups, and Mitsubishi  Electronics once relied on it when they put together product  development teams composed of only AB blood types. One of the most  interesting developments is the combination of western astrology with  Japanese blood typology. This means that for each of the twelve zodiac  signs there can be further elaborations made on the basis of  ketsueki-gata, yielding forty-eight separate personality profiles.  Almost every woman&rsquo;s magazine now follows this syncretic practice.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 110%;">Alternatively, the twelve western zodiac signs may be classified as  one of four elements (Air, Earth, Water or Fire), and combined with the  four Blood Types to produce sixteen categories. In one article, each of  the sixteen combinations is accompanied by an individual &ldquo;Love Biorhythm  Graph.&rdquo;" A paradigm chart also cross-references all the possibilities  by sixteen male types, yielding 256 fortunes in a &ldquo;You and your  boyfriend&rsquo;s love compatibility chart.&rdquo; To illustrate, a woman who is a  Water sign with Blood Type AB will do well with a man who is an Earth  sign with Blood Type A, while someone who is a Water sign with Blood  Type O should stay away from men who are Fire signs with Blood Type A.</span></p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content></entry><entry><title>Jia Zi - The 60 Year Cycle - sexagenary cycle - 紫微斗数</title><category term="Chinese Astrology"/><category term="Jia zi"/><category term="sexagenary cycle"/><id>http://www.kaixin4china.com/jiang-gu-shi/2012/10/17/jia-zi-the-60-year-cycle-sexagenary-cycle.html</id><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.kaixin4china.com/jiang-gu-shi/2012/10/17/jia-zi-the-60-year-cycle-sexagenary-cycle.html"/><author><name>Zhou Xiaosui</name></author><published>2012-10-16T20:28:35Z</published><updated>2012-10-16T20:28:35Z</updated><content type="html" xml:lang="en-AU"><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 220%;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Chinese Jia Zi - The 60 Year Cycle - sexagenary cycle - 紫微斗数</span></span></h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://i20.photobucket.com/albums/b227/ZWDS/Graphics/tao.gif" border="0" alt="Tao" /></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 110%;">The Chinese 60-year calendar cycle&nbsp;is based on the combinations of a cycle of ten heavenly stems and twelve earthly branches.  Each year is named by a pair of one stem and one branch. The Year  of&nbsp;Jia Zi&nbsp;(Jia from the heavenly stems and Zi from the earthly branches)  is the beginning of the sexagenary cycle. The next Jia Zi Year will  come 60 years later. Jia Zi has had a figurative meaning a full lifespan  in ancient times, similarly the 'threescore years and ten' in the  Bible. People would be obviously blessed if they can meet the second Jia  Zi in life. Therefore, a 60-year cycle is also called a Jia Zi.</span></p>
<h2 id="mainClm"><br /><br /><br />
<h1><span style="color: #ff0000;">Chinese Astrology - Zi Wei Dou Shu 《紫微斗数》</span></h1>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div style="font-size: 110%;">Heavenly Stem 天干 and Earthly Branch 地支</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="blogPost" style="font-size: 110%;">The Stems and Branches 天干地支 (Tiān Gān D&igrave; Zhī), or in short, 干支   (Gān Zhī) , is the most significant counting system in the Chinese Calendar.</div>
<div class="blogPost"><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Its history goes back to even before the invention of Chinese characters. Stem-Branch symbols were found on ancient Chinese Oracle Bones or 甲骨文.</span><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 140%;">10 Heavenly Stems 天干 (Tiān Gān)</span></strong><br /><img src="http://i20.photobucket.com/albums/b227/ZWDS/rtmenu/HStems.png" border="0" alt="Heavenly Stems - Tian Gan" /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Initially, the stems were created to count the DAY only.</span></div>
<div class="blogPost"><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">For example, the 1st day is 甲, 2nd day is 乙 .....the 10th day is 癸, and the 11th day goes back to 甲 and so on. Every 10-day cycle is called a 旬 (X&uacute;n).</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;"><em>Stems are still being used in Chinese community today. For example, in trading, high-quality goods are considered 甲等货. In school, the best class is always 甲班, the second best class is 乙班. </em></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Then, the branches were used to count the MONTHS.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;"><em>The Branches were representative of 12 selected animals, which also resulted in the origin of the Chinese Horoscope.</em></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 140%;">12 Earthly Branches 地支 (D&igrave; Zhī)</span></strong><br /><img src="http://i20.photobucket.com/albums/b227/ZWDS/rtmenu/Ebranches.png" border="0" alt="Earthly Branches - Di Zhi" /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Later on, when ancient scholars applied the 12 Earthly Branches into recording the YEAR and HOUR as well, it got way too confusing and complicated due to the many repetitions of the same characters.</span><br /><br style="font-size: 110%;" /><span style="font-size: 110%;">So, for the ease of differentiating one day from another, it was decided to pair the stems and branches to form 60 different combinations for the counting system. There are only 60 combinations, instead of the available 120, because odd-numbered (Yang) stems can only be paired with odd-numbered branches, and even-numbered (Yin) stems can only be paired with even-numbered branches.</span><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 140%;">60-Year Cycle 六十花甲子</span></strong><br /><br style="font-size: 110%;" />To explain how this 'numbering' works, denote the stems and branches by their numbers.<br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">So, the first year will be (1,1) which is (甲,子), followed by the second year (2,2) which is (乙,丑) and then the third year (3,3) which is (丙,寅)... up to (10,10) which is (癸,酉).</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">But now we have run out of stems, so we start from the first stem again, and the eleventh year will be (1, 11) which is (甲,戌), and the twelveth year (2, 12) which is (乙,亥).<br /></span><br style="font-size: 110%;" />Now we have run out of branches, too, so we start from the first branch again, and the thirteenth year becomes (3, 1) or (丙,子), and the fourteenth year (4,2) or (丁,丑) ......... and so on and so forth.......<br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">We continue in this way through 6 cycles of stems and 5 cycles of branches up to the 60th year which is (10, 12) or (癸,亥). The next number, 61st year, will then again be (1,1) or (甲,子), and this starts a new cycle.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">The end-product is the 60-year cycle, also known as 六十花甲子 (Li&ugrave; Sh&iacute; Huā Jia Zi ).</span></div>
<div class="blogPost"><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">六十  means 60, 甲子  refers to the first of the 60 Stem-Branch combos.</span><br /><br /><img src="http://i20.photobucket.com/albums/b227/ZWDS/Steps/Chart5d-60HuaJiaSMALL.png" alt="60 Hua Jia Chart" /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Taking the first year (甲子) as an example, since 甲 is Yang Wood, and 子 is Rat, then that year would be a Yang Wood Rat year. The 13th Year, which is also a Rat year, would be 丙子 - a Yang Fire Rat year.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">In ancient China, from 汉 Han Dynasty onwards, the Emperors assummed reigned titles which are changed every few years. The titles were usually placed before the year name for distinction. For example, "康熙壬寅" (Kāng Xī R&eacute;n Y&iacute;n ) would mean Emperor 康熙 reigned in the year of 壬寅, and that would be 1662 AD according to the Year Cycle. This dating lends legitimacy of the reign <br />of each Emperor and makes it difficult for Chinese historians to take sides (politically) in cases of disputed succession or revolts.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">This Gan Zhi naming of years is sometimes still used today, for example, the Reform Movement of 1898 was called "戊戌變法 Wu Xu Bian Fa and the Revolution of 1911 was called "辛亥革命 Xin Hai Ge Ming.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Going by historical records, the last "甲子 Jia Zi year was in 1984, and the next one will be in year 2045. So, year 2005 is the 22nd year (乙酉年)&nbsp; of the 78th Cycle, which is a Yin Wood Chicken Year.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: 140%;">阴阳 五行</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Through the years, people started to adopt stem of the year as the stems of the months, and stem of the day as the stems of the hours. The Gān Zhī(s) of year, month, day and hour together form the Eight Characters or 八字 「Bā Z&igrave; 」 which determined one's date and time of birth.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">In 《ZWDS 》, the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches system plays an important part in the plotting of the Birth Chart, placement of stars, and in interpreting the chart.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">As each Stem and Branch has its own Element and is either Yin or Yang, the 60-year cycle system became the 'foundation' for many branches of Chinese Astrology. The following chart summarises the relationship between the 10 Heavenly Stems, 12 Earthly Branches, Yin and Yang, the 5 Elements as well as the environment.</span><br /><br /><img src="http://i20.photobucket.com/albums/b227/ZWDS/rtmenu/Chart-TianGanDiZhi5XingYY.png" border="0" alt="GanZhi-WuXing-YinYang Chart" /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://i20.photobucket.com/albums/b227/ZWDS/Graphics/cosmictao.gif" border="0" alt="Tao" /></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin.com.au/jiang-gu-shi-archive/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 140%;">List of Stories </span></a></strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content></entry><entry><title>The Legend of the Chinese Zodiac</title><category term="China"/><category term="Chinese Zodiac"/><id>http://www.kaixin4china.com/jiang-gu-shi/2012/5/26/the-legend-of-the-chinese-zodiac.html</id><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.kaixin4china.com/jiang-gu-shi/2012/5/26/the-legend-of-the-chinese-zodiac.html"/><author><name>Zhou Xiaosui</name></author><published>2012-05-25T23:12:35Z</published><updated>2012-05-25T23:12:35Z</updated><content type="html" xml:lang="en-AU"><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 200%;"><span style="color: #ee1515;">The Legend of the Chinese Zodiac</span></span></strong></h2>
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<p><span style="font-size: 110%;">There are several legends about how the animals were chosen for the Chinese zodiac. This is one of them.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 110%;">The Jade Emperor is the name of the Emperor of Heaven.<br /><br />Long ago, in China, the Jade Emperor decided there should be a way of measuring time. On his birthday he told the animals that there was to be a swimming race. The first twelve animals across the fast flowing river would be the winners and they would each have a year of the zodiac named after them.<br /><br />All the animals lined up along the riverbank. The rat and the cat, who were good friends, were worried because they were poor swimmers. Being clever they asked the strong ox if he would carry them across the river.<br /><br />'Of course' said the kind ox. 'Just climb on my back and I will take you across.'<br /><br />The rat and the cat quickly jumped up and were very excited when the ox soon took the lead in the race. They had almost reached the other bank when the rat pushed the cat into the river leaving him to struggle in the water. Then just before the ox was about to win the race the rat leapt on his head and on to the bank to finish first.<br /><br />'Well done,' said the Jade Emperor to the proud rat. 'The first year of the zodiac will be named after you.'<br /><br />The poor ox had been tricked into second place and the second year of the zodiac was named after him. <br /><br />Shortly after the exhausted tiger clawed his way to the river bank to claim third place. Swimming across the river had been an enormous struggle for him against the strong currents. The Emperor was so delighted with his efforts that he named the third year after him.<br /><br />Next to arrive was the rabbit, who hadn't swum across at all. He hopped across on some stepping stones and then found a floating log which carried him to the shore.<br /><br />'I shall be very happy to call the fourth year after you,' the surprised Jade Emperor explained.<br /><br />Just then a kind dragon swooped down to take fifth place.<br /><br />'Why didn&rsquo;t you win the race, as you can fly as well as swim?' the Jade Emperor asked.<br /><br />'I was held up because some people and animals needed water to drink. I needed to make some rain,' the dragon explained. 'Then when I was nearly here I saw a poor little rabbit on a log in the water and I blew a puff of wind so that the log would float to the river bank.'<br /><br />'Well that was very kind of you and now you are here you will have the fifth year of the zodiac named after you.'<br /><br />The next thing the Jade Emperor heard was the sound of the horse&rsquo;s hooves. Just as he was thinking the horse would be the next animal to arrive, a sneaky snake wriggled out from around one of the horse&rsquo;s hooves. The horse was so surprised that he jumped backwards giving the snake a chance to take the sixth place in the race. The poor horse had to be satisfied with seventh place.<br /><br />Not long afterwards a raft arrived carrying the sheep, the monkey and the rooster. They explained to the Emperor how they had shared the raft that the rooster had found. The sheep and monkey had cleared weeds and pushed the raft to the shore. The Emperor was very pleased that the animals had worked together. He said the sheep would be the eighth zodiac animal, the monkey the ninth and the rooster the tenth.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 110%;">The next animal to finish was the dog. <br /><br />'Why are you so late when you are one of the best swimmers?' asked the Jade Emperor.<br /><br />'The water in the river was so clean that I had to have a bath on the way,' explained the dog.<br /><br />His reward was to have the eleventh year named after him. <br /><br />&nbsp;Now there was one place left in the zodiac and the Emperor wondered when the last winner would come. He had nearly given up when he heard a grunt from the pig.<br /><br />'You took a long time to cross the river,' said the Emperor to the boar.<br /><br />'I was hungry and stopped to eat,' explained the pig. 'After the meal I felt so tired that I fell asleep.'<br /><br />'You have still done well,' said the Jade Emperor. 'The last year of the zodiac will be named after you.'<br /><br />As for the cat who had been pushed into the water by the rat, he finally crawled out of the water but was too late to have a year named after him. He felt very cross with the rat and since then cats have never been friends with rats.<br /><br />From that day to this the Chinese Zodiac has followed this cycle of years named after these twelve animals.</span></p>
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<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-rat-lo-sh.html" target="_blank">Year of the Rat  老鼠 (lao&nbsp;shu)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-ox-niu.html" target="_blank">Year of the Ox 牛&nbsp;(niu)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-tiger-lo-h.html" target="_blank">Year of the Tiger  老虎 (lao&nbsp;hu)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-rabbit-tu.html" target="_blank">Year of the Rabbit  兔&nbsp;(tu)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://www.kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-dragon-long-1.html" target="_blank">Year of the Dragon  龙&nbsp;(long)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-snake-she.html" target="_blank">Year of the Snake  蛇&nbsp;(she)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-horse-m.html" target="_blank">Year of the Horse 马&nbsp;(ma)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-sheep-yang.html" target="_blank">Year of the Sheep  羊&nbsp;(yang)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-monkey-hou.html" target="_blank">Year of the Monkey  猴&nbsp;(hou)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-rooster-gng-j.html" target="_blank">Year of the Rooster  公鸡 (gong&nbsp;ji)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-dog-gu.html" target="_blank">Year of the Dog 狗&nbsp;(gou)</a></h3>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: center;"><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin4china.com/chinese-zodiac/2010/10/18/chinese-zodiac-year-of-the-pig-zh.html" target="_blank">Year of the Pig 猪&nbsp;(zhu)</a></h3>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 400%;"> <span style="color: #757676;">寿</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://kaixin4china.com/jiang-gu-shi/2010/10/4/five-things-that-decide-your-life-birth-luck-feng-shui-merit.html" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="color: #ee1515;">In China, we have an old saying, &ldquo;your life is decided by twelve things&rdquo;</span></span></strong></a></p>
<p><strong> <span style="color: #1649ca;"> One </span></strong> is when you are born; <strong> <span style="color: #ee1515;">Two</span></strong> is luck; <strong><span style="color: #04b404;"> Three </span></strong> is Feng Shui; <strong> <span style="color: #1649ca;"> Four </span></strong> is the accumulation of merit by doing good deeds; <strong> <span style="color: #04b404;">Five </span></strong> is study;<strong> <span style="color: #ee1515;"> </span></strong><span style="color: #ee1515;">Six</span><strong><span style="color: #ee1515;"> </span></strong> is your name;  <span style="color: #ee1515;">Seven</span><strong><span style="color: #ee1515;"> </span></strong> is your looks;<strong><span style="color: #ee1515;"> </span></strong><span style="color: #ee1515;">Eight</span><strong><span style="color: #ee1515;"> </span> </strong>is godliness (your respect for your god);  <span style="color: #ee1515;">Nine</span><strong><span style="color: #ee1515;"> </span> </strong>is who you meet;  <span style="color: #ee1515;">Ten</span><strong><span style="color: #ee1515;"> </span></strong> is your health;  <span style="color: #ee1515;">Eleven</span><strong><span style="color: #ee1515;"> </span></strong> is which course you choose;  <span style="color: #ee1515;">Twelve</span><strong><span style="color: #ee1515;"> </span></strong> is which spouse you choose. <br /><br />The first five are the most important:<span style="color: #1649ca;"> Birth</span><span style="color: #ee1515;">, Luck</span>, <span style="color: #04b404;">Feng Shui</span><span style="color: #1649ca;"> , Merit</span><span style="color: #04b404;">, Study</span><br /><br /></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://kaixin4china.com/feng-shui/2011/12/30/feng-shui.html" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-size: 200%;"><span style="color: #ee1515;">Feng Shui&nbsp; 风水 </span></span></strong></a></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://i20.photobucket.com/albums/b227/ZWDS/Graphics/cosmictao.gif" border="0" alt="Tao" /></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a class="offsite-link-inline" href="http://kaixin.com.au/jiang-gu-shi-archive/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 140%;">List of Stories </span></a></strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></content></entry><entry><title>Tian Han - 'March of the Volunteers'</title><category term="China"/><category term="China Culture"/><category term="China History"/><id>http://www.kaixin4china.com/jiang-gu-shi/2012/5/19/tian-han-march-of-the-volunteers.html</id><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.kaixin4china.com/jiang-gu-shi/2012/5/19/tian-han-march-of-the-volunteers.html"/><author><name>Zhou Xiaosui</name></author><published>2012-05-18T19:19:57Z</published><updated>2012-05-18T19:19:57Z</updated><content type="html" xml:lang="en-AU"><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 300%;"><strong><span style="color: #ee1515;">Tian Han</span></strong></span></h2>
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<p><span class="full-image-float-left ssNonEditable"><img src="http://www.kaixin4china.com/storage/Tian-1.jpg?__SQUARESPACE_CACHEVERSION=1337369064454" alt="" /></span><span style="font-size: 110%;">As the clock counts down towards the opening of the Olympic Games at 8 p.m. on August 8, 2008, the Chinese government and many ordinary Chinese citizens are hoping that one particular song will make an impression on television viewers in all corners of the globe: &ldquo;March of the Volunteers,&rdquo; the country&rsquo;s National Anthem. Not only will it play during the Opening Ceremony and the Closing Ceremony, but also every time a Chinese athlete wins a gold medal, and expectations are running high that this will happen a lot, thanks largely to the high caliber of the women competing for the PRC.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Even if international audiences grow accustomed to the sound of the tune, they are unlikely to know that the national anthem is actually a theme song of a film that antedates the founding of the PRC by a decade and a half, a film that was just as much about Chinese nationalism as it was about sentimental young lovers and their struggles in troubled times. And even within China, many people don&rsquo;t know much about the two originators of the song, composer Nie Er and poet and playwright Tian Han, beyond a few recycled clich&eacute;s about their dramatic lives.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Given the obsession with the supposedly auspicious number 8, Tian Han&rsquo;s own biography is a very appropriate point of departure. He was born in 1898, a year famous for the &ldquo;Hundred Days of Reform,&rdquo; an effort at radical change stymied by conservatives within the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). And he died in 1968&mdash;not, as one might expect from the author of the lyrics to a national anthem, in the limelight, but rather in obscurity, under an assumed name, in a military hospital. So who was this man? How did he emerge as the key creator of the National Anthem of the PRC? More importantly, how did expressions of nationalism come to be so intricately connected with images of strong-willed (and bodied) women in modern China?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Born into a declining gentry family in the countryside of Hunan, Tian Han came to understand the world around him through local operas and puppet plays. In 1913 and 1915, while still a teenager, he took the step from being a consumer of opera to a producer and published two opera librettos, the very first literary works in an extremely prolific career. During Tian Han&rsquo;s Tokyo sojourn from 1916 through 1922, his love for Chinese opera, combined with his sensitivity to new cultural trends, immediately drew him towards film and drama. What began as love at first sight in Tokyo became a lifelong passion for film and drama throughout Tian Han&rsquo;s cultural journey from Tokyo to Beijing, culminating in his attempt to reform Chinese opera &ldquo;from the perspective of the film art.&rdquo;<br /></span><br /><span class="full-image-float-left ssNonEditable"><img src="http://www.kaixin4china.com/storage/Tian-2.jpg?__SQUARESPACE_CACHEVERSION=1337369091637" alt="" /></span><span style="font-size: 110%;">This genre-centered biographical sketch by no means suggests that Tian Han somehow lived in a sociopolitical vacuum. He was, at one and the same time, a man of letters and a man of action: an active student leader during his Tokyo sojourn, a famous &ldquo;leftist&rdquo; playwright during his Shanghai years, an organizer of anti-Japanese &ldquo;guerrilla drama troupes&rdquo; during the war with Japan in the Chinese hinterland, and a middle-ranking cultural bureaucrat in Beijing after the founding of the People&rsquo;s Republic in 1949.<br /></span><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">By the time Tian Han came to conceive the film story Fengyun ern&uuml; (Lovers in Troubled Times) which the future National Anthem emerged from, he had undergone radical self-criticism some four years earlier, and had joined the Communist Party in 1932. One would expect to see a film made by a Communist-controlled film company portraying soldiers on the warfront; however, the film rather faithfully follows Tian Han&rsquo;s story, opening with a scene of flirtation between a Westernized femme fatale and two young men.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Tian Han immediately configured his male protagonists in relation to two spatially hierarchical worlds: the world of the poor young girl and her laboring mother living downstairs from the two young men&rsquo;s attic room; and the world of the seductive Mrs. C, living on the third floor of a private villa, who has &ldquo;the eyes of a wolf&rdquo; and who, in the young man&rsquo;s poem, is &ldquo;the daughter of Eve, the messenger of Satan.&rdquo; The young men gradually enter deep into these two worlds. When they pawn their valuables to pay the rent for the poor young girl, she visits their room and discovers there the painting of a phoenix. The story of the immortal phoenix that leaps into fire every five hundred years to be reborn fascinates the girl and she decides to change her name from Ah Feng to Xin Feng, that is, from a &ldquo;little phoenix&rdquo; to a &ldquo;new phoenix.&rdquo;</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">After the death of Xin Feng&rsquo;s mother, the poor virgin becomes a member of the two young men&rsquo;s &ldquo;artistic family.&rdquo; No sexual relationship in this &ldquo;artistic family&rdquo; of two young men and one young girl is depicted. However, celibacy does not mean lack of romance. On the contrary, the lack of obvious sexual encounter could itself be an indicator of the underlying romance. In particular, for the &ldquo;lovers in troubled times&rdquo; in Shanghai, physical sacrifice and anti-Japanese activism seem to substitute for sexual intercourse. The sexual energy between the young men and the young girl is further disguised as educational zeal to mold the virgin girl into a modern woman. Baihua, the Romantic poet, insists that she should receive modern education; while his friend Zhifu, the practical &ldquo;revolutionary,&rdquo; wants to introduce her to factory work.</span><br /><br /><span class="full-image-float-left ssNonEditable"><img src="http://www.kaixin4china.com/storage/Tian-3.jpg?__SQUARESPACE_CACHEVERSION=1337369111522" alt="" /></span><span style="font-size: 110%;">When Zhifu is arrested for his radical activities and Baihua is hunted by the police, the poet finds shelter with the mysterious Mrs. C, who treats him like her husband, greets him with a warm kiss and keeps him at her place overnight. The overflow of sexual energy and the mutually beneficial sexual relationship between the poet and the femme fatale further illustrate the uneasiness surrounding the platonic relationship between the young men and the virgin. As if mesmerized, the poet goes with the femme fatale to the seashore of Qingdao, a German colony and an escapist utopia; while Xin Feng, the girl under the protection of the poet, has to quit school and join a touring dance troupe to make a living.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">The climax, both in terms of plot and in terms of the sexual energy circulating within that plot, comes when Baihua and Mrs. C go to a variety show in which Xin Feng, the virgin girl touring with the dance troupe, performs a miniature opera entitled &ldquo;Tieti xia de gen&uuml;&rdquo; (&ldquo;Singing Girl under the Iron Hoof&rdquo;). This &ldquo;New Phoenix,&rdquo; the patriotic singing girl, is indeed the virgin Baihua helped to educate. The image of a virgin under the iron hoof, though charged with sexual energy, is used here as a warning bell to awaken the poet from the licentious life he was living in his escapist dreamland. The poet starts to feel a more important task waiting for him after this dramatic encounter. He gets in touch with Zhifu and through Zhifu&rsquo;s introduction joins the volunteer army in the northeast.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Baihua&rsquo;s troop happens to be in Xin Feng&rsquo;s village where he discovers the phoenix painting and reunites with Xin Feng, who, after meeting Baihua, leaves the dance troupe for her homeland and warfront. Facing Japanese air raids, with flag in hand, Baihua and Xin Feng, marching with the masses, start to sing the last stanza from the long poem &ldquo;Great Wall&rdquo;:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Arise, you who refuse to be slaves (of the femme fatale!).<br />With our flesh and blood let us build our new Great Wall.<br />The Chinese nation has come to the time of greatest danger<br />Every person must join the ultimate cry:<br />Arise! Arise! Arise!<br />The masses are of one mind,<br />Brave the enemy&rsquo;s gunfire,<br />March on! March on! March on! On!</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Situating the young poet Baihua first and foremost in his struggle between the world of the virgin girl and the world of the femme fatale, the theme song of the film, Yiyongjun jinxingqu (&ldquo;March of the Volunteers&rdquo;), which has been regarded only as a nationalist call to arms in the face of the Japanese invasion, can be interpreted rather differently. &ldquo;The nationalist poet&rdquo; Xin Baihua, writing his epic poem in the hopes of educating the poor girl to become a &ldquo;modern woman,&rdquo; found himself the prey and a love slave of the femme fatale.</span><br /><br /><span class="full-image-float-left ssNonEditable"><img src="http://www.kaixin4china.com/storage/Tian-4.jpg?__SQUARESPACE_CACHEVERSION=1337369131230" alt="" /></span><span style="font-size: 110%;">The almost comical displacement from freed slave of a femme fatale to freed slaves of the national enemy is suggestive of the intrinsic connections between the personal and the political. Just as in the painting entitled &ldquo;Fenghuang niepan&rdquo; (named after Guo Moruo&rsquo;s poem), in which a phoenix throws itself into the fire to gain a new life, the young intellectuals were also transforming themselves through a baptism by fire, from sentimentalists to revolutionaries throughout the political vicissitudes of modern China. However, the sudden and complete transformation of the poet Xin Baihua, mesmerized by a femme fatale until the very end of the film when he not so convincingly rises up to defend a greater cause, cannot be taken as representative of a generation of modern intellectuals. The apparently seamless transition from individual desire to collective ideology did not turn out to be as smooth in real life, as exemplified in Tian Han&rsquo;s own painful metamorphosis throughout the Communist era, culminating in his silent death during the Cultural Revolution in Beijing.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">Tian Han took part in the new Political Consultative Conference that designated &ldquo;March of the Volunteers&rdquo; as the temporary national anthem for the PRC in 1949. According to Chinese researcher Guo Chao, Zhou Enlai nominated &ldquo;March of the Volunteers&rdquo; based on its popularity among the Chinese people and argued against others&rsquo; reservation towards its &ldquo;outdated&rdquo; lyrics. This &ldquo;temporary&rdquo; national anthem was in use for more than a decade and a half, until the Cultural Revolution, when &ldquo;East is Red&rdquo; and &ldquo;Sailing the Seas Depends on the Helmsman&rdquo; in reality replaced &ldquo;March of the Volunteers&rdquo; as national anthems. When Tian Han was criticized as a &ldquo;poisonous weed&rdquo; during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, though the tune could still be played, the lyrics of &ldquo;March of the Volunteers&rdquo; were banned. After the Cultural Revolution, a new committee was established to create a &ldquo;new&rdquo; national anthem, and finally new lyrics were written collectively to the tunes of &ldquo;March of the Volunteers&rdquo; in 1978. The new lyrics end with the following lines: &ldquo;We will for generations/Raise high Mao Zedong&rsquo;s banner/March on!&rdquo;</span><br /><br />I consider myself lucky to have no recollection whatsoever of the new lyrics. When I started elementary school around 1980 in a mountain village in Sichuan province, it may have been too backward to quickly adopt the recent changes in the lyrics of the national anthem; or more likely, I was simply too young to take notice of such changes. After I transferred to a bigger city in 1984, the lyrics of the national anthem that I heard and sang at the weekly flag-raising ceremony were always Tian Han&rsquo;s original, which, I now know, was restored to its original tune and reestablished as the National Anthem in 1982.<br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">My personal encounter with the National Anthem coincides with the first meaningful participation of the PRC in the Olympic Games, in 1984. When Xu Haifeng won the first gold medal in Los Angeles and &ldquo;March of the Volunteers&rdquo; was heard for the first time in the history of the Olympic Games, the PRC announced its Olympic dreams to the world through its newly restored National Anthem. China would finally win its bid for the 2008 Olympic Games seventeen years later, in 2001, after its failed attempt in 1993; and &ldquo;March of the Volunteers&rdquo; would for the first time be written into the Chinese Constitution as the National Anthem of the PRC in 2002.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 110%;">It is high time for us to look back and gain some historical perspective on &ldquo;March of the Volunteers,&rdquo; the most popular song of 1949&rsquo;s China: born out of anti-Japanese sentiments as well as youthful desires of modern Chinese intellectuals at a time of personal and national crises, this film song celebrated modern Chinese intellectuals&rsquo; metamorphoses from lovers to volunteers; however, that process has not been as smooth in real life as in the film, and lovers and volunteers seem to have always coexisted in their mutual desire for sexual and patriotic expressions.</span></p>
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